Meet the Adventurers of the Year: Explorer Ed Stafford

Each day we will feature one of the 2010 Adventures of the Year here on our blog. Get to know them all in our photo gallery, then vote for your favorite for the People's Choice award—every day. You can even vote for a new favorite each day, if you can't pick just one. Photograph by Keith Ducatel

The Explorer

By walking the Amazon from source to sea, Ed Stafford completed one of the last epic, undone adventures.

A river greater in length and volume than any in the world, and no one had hiked along its entirety. A jungle the size of a continent, and no one had managed to cross all of it on foot. When Ed Stafford found out (after some Googling) that the Amazon had never been walked, he decided he was the one to do it. And he did. Stafford trekked more than 4,000 miles through the Amazon—surviving hostile locals, venomous snakes, and huge distances without food resupplies—for nearly two and a half years (860 days). The latter part of the expedition was with a Peruvian forestry worker, Gadiel "Cho" Sanchez Rivera, who accompanied Stafford from his home town in Peru all the way the Atlantic Ocean, arriving on August 9, 2010. It was the first time Cho had ever seen the ocean. It was the first time anyone had walked the entire length of the Amazon River. —By Ryan Bradley

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"Uncontacted" Tribes in a Modern World

Scott Wallace has written for NationalGeographic and National Geographic ADVENTURE magazines about uncontacted tribes of the Amazon. He is working on a new assignment on this subject.

The recent publication of the photographs of naked Indians poised to fire arrows at a low-flying aircraft electrified the world. Most found it incredible to think there are still communities out there beyond the reach of the so-called "civilized" world. In fact, those Indians belong to one of an estimated 60-70 groups of "uncontacted" indigenous tribes that still inhabit the deepest recesses of the Amazon rain forest, along an arc that roughly parallels Brazil's western border with Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.

Subsequent revelations that Brazil's Indian affairs agency, called FUNAI, had known for decades of the existence and approximate location of that particular group of Indians do not alter the basic facts: these are people who have had little or no contact with the outside world. Though they live within the boundaries of Brazil, they have no idea what Brazil is. They've never heard of Jesus Christ, Christopher Columbus, or Osama bin Laden. Because they are still uncontacted, they've never been exposed to the germs that Europeans first brought to the New World 500 years ago. As so-called "virgin soil populations," they remain highly vulnerable such illnesses as flu, measles, small pox, even the common cold.

It is possible to know of the existence of such tribes, to even know where a particular group is located and roughly how many members it has without making contact with them. That is the guiding principal behind the policy Brazil has followed over the past 20 years with respect to its isolated Indians: locate them, protect their lands, monitor them, and prevent unwanted contact.

"Uncontacted" in this context does not necessarily mean that the group has no idea that an outside world exists. They almost certainly and invariably do. In fact, most uncontacted tribes are believed to be the descendants of the survivors of massacres perpetrated in the late 19th century by slavers who sought to press-gang Indians in the western Amazon into tapping rubber for the booming latex industry. Those who escaped the bloodshed and brutality fled into the Amazon's deepest recesses and continue to shun contact with the outside world.

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